![]() ![]() Central features of the model developed here are consistent with recent work on hallucinations associated with hypnosis and schizophrenia. Hypnagogic Hallucinations occur during the transition between waking and sleeping. Common hallucinatory sensations include feelings of weightlessness, flying, or sensing the presence of somebody else. Hypnopompia, which is often considered as part of a dream by the subject, also involves difficulty breathing and muscle tightness. Physical sensations are the second most common hypnagogic hallucinations, occurring in 25-44 of cases. Hypnagogic hallucinations occur just before sleep, and may be accompanied by sleep paralysis, a state in which the subject is physically immobile but fully conscious. Implications of this last factor for understanding of orientational primacy in self-consciousness are considered. Common hypnagogic visual hallucinations include kaleidoscopic geometric patterns, shapes, and flashes of light. A third factor, labeled Unusual Bodily Experiences, consisting of floating/flying sensations, out-of-body experiences, and feelings of bliss, is related to physically impossible experiences generated by conflicts of endogenous and exogenous activation related to body position, orientation, and movement. These two factors have in common an implied alien "other" consistent with occult narratives identified in numerous contemporary and historical cultures. Another factor, Incubus, comprising pressure on the chest, breathing difficulties, and pain, is attributed to effects of hyperpolarization of motoneurons on perceptions of respiration. One factor, labeled Intruder, consisting of sensed presence, fear, and auditory and visual hallucinations, is conjectured to originate in a hypervigilant state initiated in the midbrain. A three-factor structural model of HHEs based on their relations both to cultural narratives and REM neurophysiology is developed and tested with several large samples. Descriptions of such experiences are remarkably consistent across time and cultures and consistent also with known mechanisms of REM states. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences (HHEs) accompanying sleep paralysis (SP) are often cited as sources of accounts of supernatural nocturnal assaults and paranormal experiences. ![]()
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